WGS84: Understanding the Global Coordinate Reference System
The World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) is a geodetic reference system that describes the shape and size of the Earth. It forms the …
Navigation
Map, compass, GPS, celestial navigation — the basics of finding your way in the terrain, with an emphasis on winter use.
UTM Reference System: Coordinates for Practical Use
UTMRef stands for Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Reference System. It is a coordinate system for locating positions on the …
The Logbook: Documentation and Planning in the Field
A logbook is a recording tool used in various fields to track information over time. It typically contains entries that document events, …
Compass Interference: Precision Despite Magnetic Disturbances
Understanding the disturbances of a magnetic compass is critical for accurate navigation. External factors such as magnetic declination, …
Compass Inclination: Understanding Tilt in the Earth’s Magnetic Field
Navigation is an old and essential practice — determining your position and direction relative to the Earth’s surface. Inclination is a key …
The UTM Coordinate System – Mapping Mastery for Navigation
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system is a global standard based on the Transverse Mercator map projection. Originally …
The Gauss-Krüger Coordinate System – Precision Mapping for Central Europe
The Gauss-Krüger coordinate system is a map-projection system used primarily in Germany and other European countries. It is a type of …
Map Work – The Basics
Before you trust GPS or any other tech, you should be able to read a topographic map. This skill is the foundation of all navigation — and …
Magnetic Anomalies – What They Are and Why They Matter to Navigators
Magnetic anomalies refer to variations in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field at different locations on the Earth’s …
Grid Reticle and MIL – Precision Navigation with Angular Measurement
A milliradian (MIL or mrad) is an angular unit of measurement commonly used in precision shooting, optics, and ballistics. It is based on …